In conversation, this would be "I am Haida," or "we are Kwantlens," in recognition of their First Nations ethnicities. However, on reserves, First Nations is being supplanted by members of various nations referring to themselves by their group or ethnic identity. įirst Nations (most often used in the plural) has come into general use since the 1970s replacing Indians and Indian bands in everyday vocabulary. There is also an effort to recognize each Indigenous group as a distinct nation, much as there are distinct European, African, and Asian cultures in their respective places. Aboriginal peoples has begun to be considered outdated and is slowly being replaced by the term Indigenous peoples. Aboriginal peoples is a legal term encompassing all Indigenous peoples living in Canada. In Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982, "Aboriginal peoples of Canada" includes First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples. First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples of all backgrounds have become prominent figures and have served as role models in the Indigenous community and help to shape the Canadian cultural identity. National Indigenous Peoples Day recognizes the cultures and contributions of Indigenous peoples to the history of Canada. There are over 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands with distinctive cultures, languages, art, and music. 7.7% of the population under the age of 14 are of Indigenous descent. However, some Canadian legislation may contradict this, for example the Indian act states 35 (3), Īs of the 2021 census, the Indigenous population totaled 1,807,250 people, or 5.0% of the national population, with 1,048,405 First Nations people, 624,220 Métis, and 70,540 Inuit. Today, it is a common perception that Aboriginal peoples in Canada have the right to self-government to provide an opportunity to manage historical, cultural, political, health care and economic control aspects within First Nation's communities. Various laws, treaties, and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during that early period. Métis of mixed ancestry originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit people married European fur traders, primarily the French.
The characteristics of Indigenous culture in Canada includes a long history of permanent settlements, agriculture, civic and ceremonial architecture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks. Projectile point tools, spears, pottery, bangles, chisels, and scrapers mark archaeological sites, thus distinguishing cultural periods, traditions, and lithic reduction styles. The Paleo-Indian Clovis, Plano, and Pre-Dorset cultures pre-date the current Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are some of the earliest known sites of human habitation in Canada. Aboriginal peoples as a collective noun is a specific term of art used in some legal documents, including the Constitution Act, 1982, though in most Indigenous circles Aboriginal has also fallen into disfavour. Although Indian is a term still commonly used in legal documents, the descriptors Indian and Eskimo have fallen into disuse in Canada, and many consider them to be pejorative. Indigenous peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis.
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